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(C.)
Estimating Servant Incomes In the 1688 Social Table for England and Wales |
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Source:
Gregory King revised (Lindert and Williamson 1982). |
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| Step
#1: A crude low
estimate uses assumed numbers of live-in servants, |
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| by
employer's social class: |
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Guestimated number |
Their assumed |
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of live-in servants |
rate of pay = |
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"Heads |
Total |
Per family, |
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0.6 times pay |
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Cumul. |
Total |
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No. of |
Average |
per |
income |
esp. those |
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for labourer or |
% of |
% of |
expend. |
| Class |
|
families |
income(£) |
family" |
(£1000s) |
≥6 persons |
Total no. |
outservant (£) |
families |
families |
(£1000s) |
| Temporal
lords |
200 |
6060 |
40 |
1212.0 |
34 |
6800 |
61200 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
1038.9 |
| Baronets |
|
800 |
1500 |
16 |
1200.0 |
10 |
8000 |
72000 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
1112.7 |
| Spiritual
lords |
26 |
1300 |
20 |
33.8 |
14 |
364 |
3276 |
0.00 |
0.07 |
28.6 |
| Knights |
|
600 |
800 |
13 |
480.0 |
7 |
4200 |
37800 |
0.04 |
0.12 |
441.6 |
| Esquires |
|
3000 |
562.5 |
10 |
1687.5 |
4 |
12000 |
108000 |
0.22 |
0.33 |
1575.0 |
| Merchants
by sea, greater |
2000 |
400 |
8 |
800.0 |
2 |
4000 |
36000 |
0.14 |
0.48 |
640.0 |
| Merchants
on land, greater |
3264 |
400 |
6 |
1305.6 |
1 |
3264 |
29376 |
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0.48 |
1107.8 |
| Gentlemen |
|
15000 |
280 |
8 |
4200.0 |
2 |
30000 |
270000 |
1.08 |
1.56 |
3900.0 |
| Persons
in offices, greater |
5000 |
240 |
8 |
1200.0 |
2 |
10000 |
90000 |
0.36 |
1.91 |
1080.0 |
| Merchants
by sea, lesser |
8000 |
200 |
6 |
1600.0 |
1 |
8000 |
72000 |
0.58 |
2.49 |
1440.0 |
| Merchants
on land, lesser |
13057 |
200 |
6 |
2611.4 |
1 |
13057 |
117513 |
0.94 |
3.43 |
2215.7 |
| Artisans
and handicrafts |
6745 |
200 |
4 |
1349.0 |
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0 |
0 |
0.49 |
3.91 |
1214.1 |
| Law |
|
8062 |
154 |
7 |
1241.5 |
1 |
8062 |
72558 |
0.58 |
4.49 |
1055.3 |
| Persons
in offices, lesser |
5000 |
120 |
6 |
600.0 |
1 |
5000 |
45000 |
0.36 |
4.85 |
540.0 |
| Freeholders,
greater |
27568 |
91 |
7 |
2508.7 |
1 |
27568 |
248112 |
1.98 |
6.84 |
2299.6 |
| Naval
officers |
5000 |
80 |
4 |
400.0 |
1 |
5000 |
45000 |
0.36 |
7.20 |
360.0 |
| Clergymen,
greater |
2000 |
72 |
5 |
144.0 |
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129.6 |
| Science
and Liberal Arts |
12898 |
60 |
5 |
773.9 |
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751.8 |
| Military
officers |
4000 |
60 |
4 |
240.0 |
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224.0 |
| Freeholders,
lesser |
96490 |
55 |
5 |
5307.0 |
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4864.7 |
| Clergymen,
lesser |
10000 |
50 |
5 |
500.0 |
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|
444.4 |
| Shopkeepers
and tradesmen |
101704 |
45 |
4.5 |
4576.7 |
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4386.0 |
| Farmers |
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103382 |
42.5 |
5 |
4393.7 |
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4174.0 |
| Manufacturing
trades |
162863 |
38 |
4.5? |
6188.8 |
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6188.8? |
| Building
trades |
73018 |
25 |
4.5? |
1825.5 |
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1825.5? |
| Common
seamen |
50000 |
20 |
3 |
1000.0 |
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1071.4 |
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Part (C.), for
England-Wales 1688, continued |
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"Heads |
Total |
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Total |
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No. of |
Average |
per |
income |
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expend. |
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families |
income(£) |
family" |
(£1000s) |
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(£1000s) |
| Miners |
|
14240 |
15 |
4.5? |
213.6 |
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213.6? |
| Laboring
people & outserv'ts |
284997 |
15 |
3.5 |
4275.0 |
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4370.0 |
| Common
soldiers |
35000 |
14 |
2 |
490.0 |
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525.0 |
| Cottagers
and paupers |
313183 |
6.5 |
3.25 |
2035.7 |
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2290.2 |
| Vagrants |
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23489 |
2 |
1? |
47.0 |
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70.5 |
| All families |
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1390586 |
39.18 |
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Servants |
Their pay |
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Resulting sums: |
145315 |
£1307835 |
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| Step
#2: Note that the summed number of live-in servants
(145,315) is far below King's own estimates of numbers of servants (below). |
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| Why
the discrepancy? The estimates from
above refer only to live-in servants, whereas King's socio-occupational
tables probably include |
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| out-servants
as well. So for a high estimate, proceed as follows: |
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Servant |
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his notes (Laslett 1973, p. 61), King gets these numbers of servants: |
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pay |
Servant pay as |
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65403 |
in London |
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(London + towns =) |
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Absolute group incomes (£1000s): |
(£1000s): |
% of income |
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87676 |
in towns |
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153079 |
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Top 1%: |
7849.5 |
1628.0 |
20.74 |
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410000 |
in the country |
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Top 5%: |
19389.2 |
3888.4 |
20.05 |
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563079 |
in all, which he views as
3.815% of the population. |
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Top 10% |
24532.9 |
5067.7 |
20.66 |
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| How to fit them in? |
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Top 20%: |
31642.6 |
5067.7 |
16.02 |
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| Assume
that the numbers calculated above represent the servants living in |
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| their
employers' households, and that the
remaining 563,079 - 145,315 = |
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Servant |
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| 417,764
lived in their own homes and were therefore absorbed by King's |
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pay |
Servant pay as |
| "Laboring
people & outservants." |
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Absolute expenditures
(£1000s): |
(£1000s): |
% of expend. |
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| Then
multiply the above distribution of in-servants by |
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Top 1%: |
6991.8 |
1628.0 |
23.29 |
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| 3.8749,
the ratio of total servants to in-servants. Pay them all |
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Top 5%: |
17254.7 |
3888.4 |
22.54 |
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| 60%
of £15 a year, to capture the mixture of adult men and women and child
servants. |
Top 10% |
22002.9 |
5067.7 |
23.03 |
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Top 20%: |
28593.9 |
5067.7 |
17.72 |
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Part (C.), for
England-Wales 1688, continued |
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| Step
#3: Our preferred, intermediate estimates
start from the way in which the high estimate probably overcounts the number
of persons |
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| whose
"servant" services are domestic-consumption services for their
employers. Many were servants to
farmers, and much of their labor |
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| was
an input into farm production of marketed product, not into farm household
consumption (Snell 1985). Note that
our guesstimated |
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| number
of live-in servants above (145,315) is close to the number of King's servants
in London plus towns alone (153,079). |
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| Of
the 410,000 servants in the country, assume that the services of only 33
percent, or 135,300, were for domestic-service consumption. |
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| This means that the total number of
servants supplied to household consumption is 65,403 in London plus 87,676 in
towns, plus 135,300 |
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| in
the country, or a total of 288,379 servants
whose service was consumed in the household sector. Of these, the 145,315 live-in |
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| servants
are about half. Could the consumption
of paid domestic services have been about evenly split between live-in |
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| and
outside servants for each class? That
would allow us to multiply the live-servants of Step #1 above by
(288,379/145,315 =) 1.98451 |
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| for
each class. It is hard to say, but we
indeed make that assumption here. The
preferred calculation of servant services by class is thus: |
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Servant |
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pay |
Servant pay as |
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Absolute group incomes (£1000s): |
(£1000s): |
% of income |
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Top 1%: |
7849.5 |
833.8 |
10.62 |
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Top 5%: |
19389.2 |
1991.4 |
10.27 |
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Top 10% |
24532.9 |
2595.4 |
10.58 |
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Top 20%: |
31642.6 |
2595.4 |
8.20 |
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Servant |
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9.076815628 |
1 |
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pay |
Servant pay as |
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11.79577927 |
2 |
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Absolute expenditures
(£1000s): |
(£1000s): |
% of expend. |
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11.54120576 |
3 |
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Top 1%: |
6991.8 |
833.8 |
11.93 |
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Top 5%: |
17254.7 |
1991.4 |
11.54 |
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Top 10% |
22002.9 |
2595.4 |
11.80 |
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Top 20%: |
28593.9 |
2595.4 |
9.08 |
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